Canker sores

Mouth ulcers are small, painful sores that can appear anywhere inside the mouth. They may occur on the tongue, in the throat, on the palate, the gums, or any other area within the mouth.
 
Canker sores

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What are mouth ulcers?

Mouth ulcers are small, painful sores that appear on the mucous membrane inside the mouth, and can occur on the tongue, throat, lips, gums, or the inner cheeks. A single ulcer may appear, or several at the same time.
 
The exact cause of mouth ulcers is not fully understood. They are believed to be linked to stress, a weakened immune system, injury to the oral cavity, or vitamin deficiencies.
 
These sores can vary in size, though they are typically no more than one centimeter in diameter and are often surrounded by a red, inflamed area. Mouth ulcers can cause significant discomfort, especially when eating, drinking, or speaking.
 
Although usually harmless, mouth ulcers can be quite unpleasant and may recur periodically, which adds to the frustration of those who experience them.
 
There are different types of mouth ulcers, including simple ulcers that usually last from a week to ten days, and complex ulcers that may occur in more severe cases, often requiring longer treatment.

In addition to physical symptoms, mouth ulcers can also cause emotional discomfort, as pain and irritation can reduce quality of life and interfere with daily activities.
 

Why do mouth ulcers occur?

Mouth ulcers, including those on the tongue, can be triggered by various factors and often appear during periods of stress, fatigue, or a weakened immune system. In children, ulcers most commonly occur due to reduced immunity.
 
One of the most frequent causes is physical irritation, such as accidentally biting the inside of the cheek, eating sharp or abrasive foods, or even brushing the teeth too aggressively.
 
Nutritional deficiencies—such as a lack of vitamin B12, vitamin C, folic acid, iron, or zinc—can increase the risk of developing ulcers. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in maintaining the health of the mucous membranes, and a deficiency may lead to inflammation in the oral cavity, including ulcers.
 
Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during menstruation, can also contribute to the appearance of mouth ulcers.
 
In some cases, oral ulcers may be linked to underlying medical conditions such as coeliac disease, Crohn’s disease, or oral lupus.
 
These health issues require special care and treatment. Research suggests that emotional factors, including anxiety and stress, may also trigger mouth ulcers.
 
This highlights the complexity of the condition and the need for a professional approach to treatment.
 

The best treatment for mouth ulcers

Treatment for mouth ulcers, including those on the tongue, usually focuses on relieving pain and speeding up the healing process, as ulcers typically disappear on their own within one to two weeks.
 
Local anesthetics or topical medications can be used to reduce discomfort. In addition, rinsing the mouth with saltwater or antiseptic solutions may help reduce inflammation and promote healing.
 
In more severe or recurring cases, such as complex ulcers, doctors may recommend corticosteroid medications or other anti-inflammatory treatments.
 
It is also important to pay attention to nutrition and ensure sufficient intake of essential vitamins and minerals to help reduce the frequency of outbreaks.
 
Adding probiotics to the diet may also be beneficial, as they support a healthy balance of oral bacteria.
 
If ulcers return frequently or are linked to more serious conditions, it is advisable to consult a physician or dentist to identify the underlying causes and tailor treatment accordingly. With proper care and prevention, it is often possible to significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
 
At Centrodent, we treat mouth ulcers with a laser, allowing for faster and more effective healing with minimal discomfort for the patient.
 

Types of mouth ulcers

Large ulcers, known as Aphthae Major, are a less common type of mouth ulcer, affecting around 10-15% of the population.
 
These ulcers are larger than 1 cm in diameter and can penetrate deeply into the mucous membrane, making them particularly uncomfortable. Unlike smaller ulcers, large ones can cause less intense pain, but the healing process takes much longer—between 3 and 6 weeks—and they often leave scars.
 
They typically appear on the inner side of the lips, along the sides of the tongue, and on the soft palate.
 
Herpetiform ulcers account for a smaller percentage of all cases, around 5-10%. They are characterized by their small size, usually between 1 and 2 mm in diameter, and tend to occur in clusters ranging from 5 to 100.
 
Despite their small size, herpetiform ulcers can be very painful and cause significant discomfort while chewing and speaking. They usually last between 7 and 14 days and do not leave scars.
 
Minor ulcers are the most common type, affecting about 80% of all cases. These ulcers are small, typically less than 1 cm in diameter, and usually heal without scarring within 1 to 2 weeks.
 
They may appear individually or in groups and are usually round or oval in shape.


 

Symptoms of mouth ulcers

Mouth ulcers are common and unpleasant, though they are not contagious.
 
A few days before an ulcer appears, people often experience a tingling or burning sensation at the site where the ulcer will develop.
 
Once it appears, the ulcer typically looks like a painful round or oval sore, usually white, grey, or yellow in color, with a red border.
 
These sores can cause significant pain when touched, especially when eating acidic or spicy foods.
 
Ulcers usually last between 7 and 14 days and heal without leaving scars, except in the case of larger ulcers.
 
In more severe cases, they may be accompanied by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or swollen lymph nodes.
 
If an ulcer is located on the tongue or soft palate, it may make speaking and chewing more difficult.
 
If ulcers last longer than two weeks, it is advisable to consult a dentist or general practitioner.
 

Common questions about mouth ulcers

Mouth ulcers can develop on any soft tissue within the oral cavity.
 
They are most commonly found on the inner cheeks, lips, under the tongue, on the soft palate, and along the edges of the tongue.
 
Less frequently, they may occur on the gums, but always on the part not firmly attached to the tooth.
 
Common locations include:

  • ulcers in the throat
  • ulcers on the tongue
  • ulcers under the tongue
  • ulcers on the lips
  • ulcers on the inner cheek
  • ulcers on the gums

Regardless of their location, ulcers are usually painful and can interfere with speaking, eating, and maintaining oral hygiene.

Yes, mouth ulcers can also occur in children.

 

Children's oral mucosa is sensitive, and their immune system is still developing, making them more prone to ulcers—especially during periods of stress, fever, or after viral infections.

 

Mouth ulcers can also appear in infants.

 

In children, ulcers most commonly occur on the tongue, lips, inner cheeks, or under the tongue. They may cause pain, food refusal, and irritability.

 

Although they usually heal on their own within 7 to 10 days, if they are frequent or interfere with eating, it is advisable to consult a dentist.

One of the most commonly used natural remedies for mouth ulcers is rinsing the mouth with a solution of sea salt and warm water, which helps clean the sore and reduce inflammation.
 
Chamomile or sage compresses are also used due to their soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.
 
Honey can also be applied directly to the ulcer, as it promotes healing and relieves pain.
 
However, it's important to note that while natural remedies can ease symptoms, they do not always address the underlying cause. If ulcers are frequent or last longer than ten days, it is advisable to seek advice from a dentist.

Although viral aphthae is a common term in everyday language, they are not true aphthae. These are sores caused by viral infections, most often herpes simplex virus, which may resemble aphthae in appearance but differ significantly in cause, course, and treatment.

True aphthae are not contagious, whereas viral lesions are infectious and part of a systemic viral disease. Therefore, in professional practice, we refer to viral ulcerations rather than viral aphthae.

In other words, viral aphthae do not technically exist. It is more accurate to describe them as viral ulcerations, which may look like aphthae but differ completely in nature and treatment.

This term is sometimes used in everyday conversation but is avoided in professional practice to clearly distinguish the different mechanisms behind oral sores.

Canker sores on the tongue are painful, shallow ulcers that most often appear on the surface of the tongue, but also frequently on its sides.

They typically look like a white or yellowish patch, usually round in shape. Canker sores on the tongue usually develop due to a combination of factors such as weakened immunity, deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid or iron, as well as stress and minor injuries to the mucosa.

Canker sores on the tongue cause discomfort when speaking, eating, and drinking. While canker sores on the cheek or lips may not necessarily be painful, those on the tongue are often extremely painful.

The pain caused by canker sores on the tongue can be so intense that a person is unable to consume food and drink.

They may also be triggered by mechanical injuries to the tongue, such as contact with hard food or accidentally biting the tongue. T

here is no difference in the nature of canker sores in the mouth compared to those on the tongue, but in terms of symptom intensity and the problems they cause for patients, canker sores on the tongue are much more severe.

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