Tooth and gum diseases

Tooth diseases include various pathological changes that affect the structure and health of the teeth. The most common are:

• Caries - tooth decay caused by acid-producing bacteria that feed on food residues, leading to demineralization of enamel and deeper tooth layers.
• Pulpitis - inflammation of the tooth pulp (the inner soft tissue), caused by decay, trauma, or infection. It can lead to pain and may require root canal treatment.
• Dental abscess - a pus-filled infection that develops in the root or surrounding tissue due to untreated caries, trauma, or periodontitis.
• Tooth erosion - loss of tooth enamel due to acids from food, drinks, or stomach acid (e.g. acid reflux).
• Enamel hypoplasia - a developmental defect that causes enamel to be thin or weak, making teeth more prone to damage and decay.
• Tooth abrasion and attrition - mechanical wear of tooth surfaces caused by improper brushing, bruxism (teeth grinding), or ill-fitting dentures.

All of these conditions can seriously affect oral health and tooth function if not treated in time.
 

Tooth decay occurs through the gradual destruction of tooth enamel caused by acids produced by bacteria in plaque. While anyone can develop cavities, some people are more prone to them due to factors such as:

• genetics
• dietary habits
• and most importantly, the level of oral hygiene.

 
Genetic predisposition can affect the structure of the teeth and the resistance of enamel, while a diet high in sugar and poor cleaning habits further contribute to decay formation.
 
If not treated in time, caries can lead to serious consequences such as damage to the tooth’s supporting structures, but also complications in distant organs. The bacteria responsible for tooth decay can spread into surrounding tissues, causing gum inflammation (gingivitis and periodontitis), and even bone and ligament infections. In this way, caries becomes an entry point for bacteria that may enter the bloodstream and spread through the body, triggering a variety of health issues.
 
Scientific studies have shown that oral bacteria can cause conditions like infective endocarditis, myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even respiratory illnesses such as obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent research has also identified links between periodontal disease and an increased risk of cancer. This is why proper oral hygiene and regular dental checkups are essential in preventing tooth decay and protecting overall systemic health.